May is certainly a  month of warming across Wisconsin.  The average low temperature rises from around 40 at the start of the month to near 50 at the end.  The average high temperature climbs from the lower 60s at month’s start to the lower 70s at month’s end.  The hottest temperature on record in May for Wausau is 104 degrees set back on May 31st, 1934.   The coldest on record is 20 degrees from May 9th, 1947.  That’s a pretty impressive extreme range, 84 degrees.

The normal May precipitation for the Wausau area is 3.48″ with a normal snowfall of 0.20″.  One of the wettest Mays on record for our region was in 1942 when 10.74″ of moisture fell.  One of the driest was May of 1949 when just over 1.0″ fell.

May is a month of heavy gardening and the traditional start of the growing season around here.  We typically have our last frosts of the season around early to mid May in central Wisconsin and late May in northern Wisconsin.  We usually have a round or two of strong to severe thunderstorms in the state and every few years some snow comes our way as well in May.  I always look to May as the bridge between really shaky spring conditions where it can be quite cold, rainy, snowy, and windy to true summer with its day after day of heat and sunshine.  Hope you enjoy the rest of this interesting month.

Posted under Monthly Recap, Records, Seasonal Items, Spring

Just to add a little to Tony’s great recap of April yesterday, one of the more interesting aspects of April 2012, I think, was that it ended up just barely warmer than March. I am unaware of any time in our history here in Northcentral Wisconsin when April was cooler than March (in the same year). This year it almost happened. The average (or mean) temperature for March was 45.8. The average temperature for April was only 46.1!

One of the most interesting events of the month of April was an extreme temperature drop on the 16th. On the 15th the high temperature was 75. At the beginning of the day (midnight) on the 16th, the temperature was still 65. By the end of the day the temperature had dropped to 32 and we had light snow. Most of the temperature drop – about 25 degrees happened over a span of just a few hours during the morning.

The most interesting trend in the numbers of an uneventful month was the low temperature from the 10th to the 12th. For three days in a row, Wausau had a low temp of 29 degrees. One other night (the 17th) there was a low of 29 for a total of 4 nights in April (in Wausau) with a low of 29.

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And a little follow-up on the current economic woes the solar industry is currently feeling. It seems it is not only U.S. and European solar panel producers feeling the pinch. LDK solar in China has laid off nearly 10,000 workers since last July. No matter where the contraction is occurring, it is not a great sign for the industry. However, the over supply of panels right now is leading to very low historical prices for solar panels, so now might be one of the best times for consumers to jump in.

Have a nice Wednesday! Meteorologist Justin Loew.

Posted under Alternative Energy, Monthly Recap

April was no March, that’s for sure.  We had hugely warm temperature departures in March to the tune of 15 degrees across the area.  April still turned out modestly warmer than normal however. 

In Wausau, the average high was 57.5 degrees, 2.7 degrees above normal.  The average low was 34.5 degrees, 1.2 degrees above normal.  We had a good 15 nights of frost in central and northern Wisconsin which is nothing unusual for April around here.  However it was of great concern this year because plant development was much ahead of normal due to the warm March.  That’s why Freeze Warnings were issued on so many nights.  The National Weather Service usually doesn’t issue them until May 1st or so in our area.  By the way the highest temperature this April in Wausau was 75 degrees on the 15th.  The coldest was 26 degrees on the 6th.  We had several nights with lows in the 10s in the TV-9 viewing area.

As far as precipitaton goes, we picked up 2.44″ of moisture.  That’s about .29″ less than usual.  We also had 1.5″ of snow in Wausau, which is 2.6″ below normal.    The snow primarily fell on the evening of the 19th into the morning of the 20th.  There were some isolated 3 to 5″ reports with that storm over in parts of Langlade, Menomonee, and Shawano Counties.

Unlike April of 2011, there was virtually no severe thunderstorm activity in the region.  Well, I hope you enjoyed April.  Let’s see what May has up her sleeve!

Posted under Monthly Recap, Spring

It has felt fairly cool at times this April.  How much of that is perception versus reality?  Well in reality, it has been warmer than normal overall.  In fact through April 23rd temperatures have averaged about 4 degrees above normal in the Wausau area.  I suppose it has felt cooler mostly because we are comparing it to the record smashing warmth of March, when we had so many days in the 70s around here.    But if you compare it to April 2011, you really get a feel for how it stacks up.  The chart below takes into account data through April 23rd of each year.

Number of Days with Highs in The:

                             30s        40s         50s        60s        70s

April 2011                       4            10             6                2              1

April 2012                       0            3              10              8                2

Photo from Marlene DuPuis, Mosinee

Up to this point in April 2011 about 6.6″ of snow had fallen around Wausau, while so far in April 2012, we’ve had 1.5″ snow.    Rainfall in April 2011 thorugh the 23rd was around 2.83″ while only 2.08″ has been reported in April 2012.  So April 2011 was quite a bit cooler and wetter than this April.  So I guess the moral is, before complaining about the frosty mornings and cool breeze we have been having, keep in mind that it could be a lot worse!

Posted under Monthly Recap, Seasonal Items, Spring

We have already discussed the extreme March warmth quite a bit (here and here), but I just had to share one more comprehensive report (PDF) on the record-breaking month, compiled by Roy Eckberg of the National Weather Service in Green Bay. The one interesting fact that I learned from the report, that I had previously overlooked, is that here in Wausau we had our earliest ever 60 degree low temperature. It occurred on March 21st. The previous record for earliest 60 degree low temperature was April 16th.

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Since I started out with a follow-up, I might as well stick with the theme and update you on a few other trends I have been following in the weather blog. In the realm of our transportation and pollution problems many people have hopes for electric vehicles and even self-driving (or auto-pilot) cars to take over the roads. I have covered the self-driving car story for a couple of years now (“Driverless Cars in Nevada“, “Car-Take Me To Work“, “Driverless cars again”) and I am surprised by the rapid progress and the lack of mainstream culture acknowledgement at the same time. Here is an article that claims auto-pilot cars are here and ready to go (no doubt politicians and lawyers are still standing in the way). In tests, the cars have performed amazingly, even in heavy traffic. You won’t see them in showrooms anytime soon though because they are not yet economical. I was interested to learn that anyone who purchases and uses a driverless car in Nevada must post a $1 million to $3 million insurance bond. Considering that the auto-pilot cars have not yet been involved in any accidents and human drivers kill 1.2 million people every year around the world, you would think the insurance would be higher for human drivers. Once driverless cars are on the road, I am sure it will turn the other way. Insurance for a human driver will end up costing a lot more.

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Continuing with ground-breaking technology that is flying under the radar, how about quantum computing. This is a field that not many people understand and thus has the potential to be very disruptive. There is one company in the world that claims to be performing a special type of quantum computing and here is an update on their efforts.

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In what might seem like science fiction instead of science fact, progress continues in the pursuit of cloaking materials (just like what someone might find in Star Trek of Harry Potter). One of the pioneers of cloaking – Duke University – can now create holograms in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum, using similar (meta)materials that are used in cloaking. Not to be outdone, researchers in France have created a method of thermal cloaking – or “hiding heat”. Even magnetic fields are being manipulated to hide objects. It is enough to make your head spin.

Have a good Wednesday! Meteorologist Justin Loew.

Posted under Monthly Recap, Records, Technology

In case you were gone over the weekend, check out Tony’s recap of the month of March 2012. It was a whopping 15.8 degrees above normal and it ended up being the warmest March on record in Wausau and most Northcentral Wisconsin cities. Everyone loved the warm weather in March but it did come with some downsides. Some sensitive fruit trees and plants are blooming early and they could suffer from a hard frost. Precipitation was also below normal which is something I am perpetually concerned about. With the precipitation (rain and snow) deficit in March, we are now officially a tad below normal for the year. It is not the worst thing in the world but it would be nice if we started to see a little more rain in the weather pattern. Our best chance for the next 7 days looks to be tonight.

My comments on the numbers from March; it was quite interesting to see that the average high temperature and the average low temperature were both exactly 15.8 degrees above normal. Besides all of the record high temperatures we also had 9 records for the warmest low temperature. We probably also broke records for the most 70 degree days in March and the most above normal (+15.8 degrees) any month has been in Wausau’s record books, but I didn’t have the time to dig up all of that information to confirm.

Another thing you probably didn’t miss over the weekend is the very cool weather on Saturday. Tony provided a good explanation here. Mother nature threw us a big surprise when the clouds did not break up in the afternoon. What is most surprising to me is that we didn’t see this type of inversion (locked in the low cloudiness and fog) at any point during the month of March when we were hitting record high temps. During a typical year, when the snow melts, we tend to get a couple days like that when the fog/clouds do not dissipate. This year isn’t typical and it didn’t really happen until the last day of March, Saturday, when the high only reached 42.

The record warm March dovetails nicely with the release of the latest IPCC Climate Risk Report that Tony blogged about a few days back. The report highlights included a greater chance of more frequent record high temps and heat waves than record cold in coming years. Looking at this March would probably prompt a lot of AGW theorists to say “see, see, I told you environmental Armageddon is upon us”. Thankfully, there has not been a lot of that type of hysteria going on over the past few weeks. I wonder if the IPCC and various media outlets have taken some of my advice. I doubt they are reading our blog here, but I would be flattered if I had that much influence.

Instead of blaring out extreme headlines and statements, the IPCC’s report couches its language in the “chances” that certain climate changes will occur. March of 2012, as extreme as it was, does not mean that future heat waves and more warming are 100%, rock-solid guaranteed but it is a data point that supports the now several decade trend of a warming climate. It is more evidence that backs mainstream AGW theory.

Why it is not a 100% guarantee of future “environmental Armageddon”, I have explained many times in the blog. Not only is the climate system complex, dynamic, and non-linear, but human society is as well. Some unforeseen natural interactions within the earth’s climate could conspire to tip us into a cooler trend or even an ice age. Even harder to predict is the action of humans, therefore climate modelers generally stick with some pretty tame assumptions about future population and energy usage.

I am much more optimistic. I have dabbled in energy predictions off-and-on and I think that we will have much less fossil fuel usage a lot sooner than the IPCC expects. As potentially as gloomy a picture that could be painted by the latest IPCC Climate Risk Report (and other depression-inducing reports) and by the extremely warm March, you could paint an equally optimistic picture by just monitoring the latest tech progress.

The CTO of Tesla recently proclaimed that we are near a tipping point in the adoption of electric vehicles. Now, he might be “talking his book”, but the trend in battery technology is unmistakable. The batteries and the vehicles themselves are set to go down in price in coming years. The range an EV can travel on one charge is increasing. It already makes sense for thousands of the moderately wealthy among us to purchase EVs. It will become even more obvious to the rest once the price comes down. After all, most of us do not drive more than 40 miles during a typical day’s commute. For those who might not like the idea of plugging in their car every night, wireless chargers are coming into their own. There is even a suggestion to put magnetic/electric coils in the highways in order to charge as you drive. The latter idea is interesting and could be done - technically - but I doubt it would ever be commercial viable/economically feasible.

In the realm of battery technology, highly efficient and cheaper rechargeable batteries using sodiumn instead of lithium are under development at Argonne National Laboratories. Envia has developed a battery with twice the storage capacity as normal but it is not out of the lab yet. Researchers in Hong Kong have even claimed to have created a new flexible graphene “battery” that operates on heat energy alone!

It is not only battery technology that will help propel EVs of the future (and store copious amounts of alternative energy), it is super capacitors as well.

Flexible Paper Supercapacitors

Once again we find flexible graphene being used to create flexible supercapacitors. Who knew it would be as “easy” as using DVDs and laser writers. These flexible paper-based supercapacitors are probably a little closer to economic reality (and producing environmental “salvation”). New insights into the mechanism of charging and dis-charging supercapacitors should continue to move things forward in years to come.

Now just to be fair, battery progress and EVs face a bumpy road ahead. Fisker and A123 have found some tough-sledding in the EV market. First A123 said it expected much better demand for batteries in the coming year, then doubts and financial troubles (as I suspected and have covered in the blog) started to creep into the A123 conversation. On top of that Fisker has been forced to recall most of its A123 battery packs.

Evacuated Tube Transport

Outside of EVs (meaning cars) there is also some movement in electric scooters as Scoot tests the market for such services in San Francisco. There is even room for improvement in super-sonic air travel. A recent design indicates super-sonic jets could fly without generating a sonic boom and be much more efficient. Dreaming a couple decades into the future? Maybe vaccuum tube trains.

There is much more but there is only so much space for one blog post and only so much time in the day. You can be assured I will continue to keep you updated on where technological progress might take us.

Have a good Monday! Meteorologist Justin Loew.

Posted under AGW, Alternative Energy, Climate Change, Monthly Recap, Technology

I just crunched the numbers and this March turned out as extraordinary as we thought it might several weeks ago.  In fact it was the warmest on record in Wausau and much of the Midwest region for that matter.  Accurate temperature record generally date back to around 1880 in our area. 

In Wausau, the average high in March 2012 was 55.3 degrees which is 15.8 degrees above normal.  The average low was 36.3 degrees which is also 15.8 degrees above normal.  The mean temperature for the month was 45.8 degrees.  This eclipses March of 1910 for the record warmest mean when we had 43.3 degrees.  I can’t tell you how rare it is to break the all time temperature record for a month by almost 3 degrees.  Usually if you were to do it, you would squeak by by a degree.  Of course what really put us over the top was the middle portion of the month when record  high temperatures were established on 11 of 13 days in Wausau.

As far as precipitation goes, it was dry.  We had 1.13″ of rain or melted snow in Wausau which is .63″ below normal.  We picked up just 1.6″ of snow, which is 8.4″ below normal.  The lack of moisture did not stop fruit trees and certain flowers from blooming out a good month early.

WHY IT STAYED SO COOL SATURDAY?

We were hoping temperatures might climb up into the lower 60s Saturday but a stubborn layer of low level moisture, stratus clouds, and fog refused to move out.  We had a temperature inversion in place several thousand feet aloft that helped trap the moisture and clouds.  Plus we had southeast winds which this time of the year tend to drag and stable, cool, moist marine air off the cool Great Lakes.  That did not help the situation either.    Below you will see the surface observation map around 4 p.m. Saturday.   The red numbers on the map were the current temperatures.  There was an amazing spread from the lower 40s in Wisconsin to near 90 degrees in eastern Nebraska and 80s in South Dakota.  Of course they had the sunshine out and a wind direction off the Plains helping to drive the warm air aloft down to the surface.  Hopefully we will tap into some of that warmth and sunshine Sunday.

Posted under forecast, Monthly Recap, Records, Seasonal Items

As I mentioned yesterday, it wasn’t looking likely that we would break the snowfall record for February 29th, and we didn’t. Of all records throughout the year, February 29th’s are probably the hardest to break. Not because the records are so extreme for that date, but because it only comes around once every 4 years. The record snowfall for February 29th in Wausau is 4.5 inches and was set back in the leap year of 1908. The big snowstorm brought 6.9 inches to Wausau, but 3.8 fell on Tuesday and only 3.1 inches fell on Wednesday. Even though we didn’t break the snowfall record, we did break a total precipitation record. After melting down the snow and adding in the rain amount, we had 0.60 inches on Wednesday. This broke the old record of 0.43 inches set back in 1948. In Rhinelander, the total snowfall between the 2 days of the storm was 20.2 inches. Both the 6.3 inches on the 28th and the 13.9 inches on the 29th were records.

The precipitation on the 28th and 29th of February also put us above average for the month of February. I am celebrating! Not only because today is the first day of Spring but because we are starting out the year with two months of above normal precipitation. I always love to see the growing season get off to a good start, and a good snowpack does add a little moisture to the ground and keeps the lake and stream levels up to par.

So precipitation for February was above normal, but what about the other statistics? Continuing the trend from early in the Winter, February was well above normal. It is uncanny how the temperatures have stayed consistently above normal for three months in a row now. December and January were both about 6 degrees above normal and February ended up the same way. If my preliminary calculations are correct, and the mean/average temperature for the entire Winter was 23.6, then it would put the Winter of 2011-12 in a tie for 3rd  (with 1982-83) in the ranking of mildest Winter’s in Wausau. What is very interesting is that the Winter was so mild but we did not break too many records. We only had 2 record high temps in January. That was it. The pattern was just consistently mild. February was about 6 degrees above normal even though we only had 2 days when the high temperature hit 40 degrees or higher. We had more 40 degree days in January than in February. So much for the forecast of an extremely cold and snowy winter (by a couple other forecast outfits, not StormTrack9). With La Nina in the Pacific ocean, I forecast a little below normal temps and a bit above normal snowfall, but even that did not pan out. For the official Winter (December-January-February) we ended up with 33.1 inches of snow which was 3.9 inches below normal. For the entire “cold season” we are almost 9 inches below normal. Our total precipitation for the official Winter was 3.94 inches which was 0.64 inches above normal.

Other than the record precipitation on the 29th and the well above normal temps, there wasn’t much else to write home about during the month of February. It was slightly odd that the warmest temperature of the month was on the 4th. Normally during February, we would expect the warmest temps at the end of the month. The most common number we recorded was 33. We hit that mark for a high temperature on 5 different ocassions. Here are the complete stats:

Average High Temp: 33.1  (normal: 28.1)

Average Low Temp: 17.3  (normal: 10)

Total Precipitation: 1.38 inches  (normal 0.92 inches)

Total Snowfall: 12.2 inches  (normal 9.6 inches)

Highest Temp: 44 on the 4th

Lowest Temp: 1 on the 11th

Have a good Thursday! Meteorologist Justin Loew

Posted under Monthly Recap, Winter Weather

During the last week or so I have been updating the blog with news about the attempt to drill into Lake Vostok in Antarctica. It is a story I have followed for a few years because it could turn out to be a significant scientific discovery. The lake has been isolated from the environment for hundreds of thousands of years and more likely millions of years. Life that was once in the lake when it was not covered with 2 miles of ice, might have evolved into strange new forms. Or the lake might be sterile due to the presence of too much oxygen. In that case it would be interesting as well be cause it would be the only place on earth where there is a body of water but no life.

So what has brought this lake into focus again? A Russian drilling program has now reached the surface of the lake - or so they think. They are very close but cannot say for certain if they have reached liquid water that is part of the lake or just some liquid water in the sheet of ice. In any case you will have to hold your enthusiasm for a few months because they have shut down the drilling operation for the season. They have sent most of the engineers and scientists home until late next fall when Summer sunlight and warmer temps return. Only two people will remain to keep an eye on the bore hole. And that is the most interesting part of the story right now. Could you imagine spending a few months near the south pole, a thousand miles from the nearest human, thousands of miles away from any significant civilization, with hardly any daylight? The only thing stirring within hundreds of miles would be you and your comrade. I suppose there is a good communication link (satellite) nowadays that would allow for voice and maybe video communication. That would make it better, but it would still be a tough stint. Having seen The Thing, I would probably be a bit freaked-out for such a mission.

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State Temps During January 2012

From bitter cold Antarctica to a very mild contiguous United States. If you thought that this Winter was a bit milder than normal, you are not mistaken. The NCDC has released state-by-state statistics for the month of January (2012) and it turns out that almost every state had above normal temperatures. In Wisconsin it was the 10th warmest out of the last 118 years. The only states that experienced normal temps were Washington and Florida. Alaska was the only state with below normal temps. In fact, it was the record coldest January in many parts of Alaska. Not only have they experienced record cold but very heavy near record snow in some parts as well.

For anyone who follows the weather you are probably aware of the inverse correlation between weather in Alaska and the contiguous U.S. When it is warmer than normal in the lower 48, it is almost always colder in Alaska. When it is mild in Alaska, the bitter cold tends to move down into the lower 48. If you want to dig into past temperature data from around the U.S. take a look at this interactive web page at the NCDC.

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Alta Devices Solar Panel

Now another blast of good news from the solar power industry. Early this week I profiled Semprius, a company that has claimed the record for the highest efficiency using concentrated solar panels. Another company recently broke a record as well, but this time for regular (non light concentrating) solar panels. Alta Devices’ commercial solar panel has reached an efficiency of 23.5%. I detailed their devices in a past blog post as well. What is even more impressive is that their goal is to be cost competitive with fossil fuel generated electricity WITHOUT government subsidies. Hooray for Alta Devices!

In more speculative solar energy research, at the University of Cambrige scientists have come up with a design that might squeeze 25% more effciency out of today’s solar panels. They are combining inorganic and organic layers within one solar cell in order to capture more energy from the blue light of the visible spectrum.

Have a nice Thursday! Meteorologist Justin Loew.

Posted under Alternative Energy, Ecology, Environment, Geology, Heat, Monthly Recap, Seasonal Items, Technology, World Weather

A rather depressing and apocalypse-themed photo exhibition has hit the art circuit recently - called the “Last Days of The Arctic”.  This Youtube video showing some of the great photography is put to haunting music which makes it seem even more like the end of the world. And, it definitely is a serious challenge for the people and animals that live around the arctic. Less sea ice, if the trend continues in the future, will require more adaptation and some hardship will result. But remember the earth does change – on its own for the most part. Sometimes when discussing anthropogenic global warming (AGW), I get the sense that some people expect the climate and the biosphere to remain exactly like it was earlier in their lifetime – that the global temperature will always remain “around average”, whatever that temperature is deemed to be.

Even outside the theoretical effects that human beings might be having on the atmosphere, the earth and atmosphere is in a constant state of change. The Sahara desert was once covered by large lakes. The arctic has had much more ice as recent as a few hundred years ago during the Little Ice Age. Before that, there is plenty of evidence to suggest that the arctic was mostly ice free a few times during interglacial periods. During these wide swings in ice cover and temperature, no doubt there was some angst about the changing climate. There was most likely some hardship before people and animals were able to adapt to the changing conditions. This is not to say that possible future AGW is OK (we should try to reduce our negative environmental impacts as much as feasible), just that we should remember that things change.  Spending too much time reminiscing about what was, leaves less time to prepare for what will be.

Speaking of what was, I mentioned the Little Ice Age a bit earlier and there is some new research suggesting that increased volcanism during the 1275 to 1300 period might have triggered it, or at least helped it along. If you are familiar with the Little Ice Age, you know that a leading theory is that reduced solar energy (known as the Maunder Minimum). This solar theory is not conclusive but one cannot help but notice the trend in temps and solar activity seemed to go hand-in-hand, especially during the coldest point of the Little Ice Age. However, one must not rule out volcanic activity. It is well known that large volcanic eruptions (like Pinatubo and Krakatoa) can cool the planet by a degree or two for a couple of years after the eruption. What is theorized in this latest study is that successive large volcanic eruptions cooled the planet for a couple of decades and this created a positive feedback loop of colder temps leading to more sea ice formation. The increased sea ice then reflected more of the sun’s energy into space leading to cooler temps. This is an interesting theory, and no doubt there was some cooling due to volcanic eruptions, however, I would expect that the volcanism would show up a bit more dramatically in the re-constructed temperature graphs from around the late 1200s into the early 1300s. Perhaps the granularity of the data obscures the temperature changes a bit, but if volcanism was the main trigger for the Little Ice Age, then there should be some evidence in the temperature record during that time.

On the subject of ice ages, there is a recent theory that the periodic ice ages beginning around 450 million years ago were caused by the arrival of plants on the earth’s surface. The theory is that early plants (resembling mosses) covered land masses and led to chemical weathering of the rocks. The minerals released from this process ended up turning into carbonate materials, with the carbon coming from the atmosphere. The minerals might have also fertilized the oceans as well, leading to more growth of plant life. Once free carbon dioxide was now being bound up in the process of life and this could have led to a decrease in the global temperature seen around that period. I say could have, because there are a lot of assumptions built into the theory. The atmosphere and climate are so complex that even today it is hard to predict how they will evolve together. 450 million years ago the land masses were different, the earth’s orbit and tilt were different, the magnetic poles we different. It all adds up to a difficult job of deciphering temperature changes.

It is not all that difficult to decipher what happened last month because we keep track of the daily conditions right here at StormTrack9! The month of January ended up 6 degrees above normal. It was about the same amount above normal as the month of December. I can’t remember the last time we had to months in a row when temps were that far above normal….whoops, nope….I do remember. It was February and March of 2000. February of that year was 9 degrees above normal and March was 11 degrees above normal.

January of 2012 did not feel a whole lot like winter with 6 different days rising above 40 degrees. This warmth included 2 days with record highs. In Wausau, we had a record high of 47 on the 10th and 45 on the 11th. The best part about the month, in my opinion, is that precipitation was a little above normal. It is nice to start out the year on an above normal trend. Besides being above normal, there were no other odd patterns in the numbers. Here are the final January stats for Wausau:

Average High Temp: 29.3  (normal: 23.1)

Average Low Temp: 12.0  (normal: 6.0)

Precipitation: 1.04 inches  (normal: 1.02 inches)

Snowfall: 12.3 inches  (normal: 13.5 inches)

Highest Temperature: 47 on January 10th

Lowest Temperature: -14 on January 20th

Have a good Wednesday! Meteorologist Justin Loew

Posted under AGW, Arctic climate, Climate Change, Geology, Monthly Recap, Weather History