You probably know that researchers have been studying things like ice cores, tree rings, and animal behavior to better understand climate change.  However did you know they also look to pollen for clues?  As it turns out, as carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere generally pollen does as well.   However in areas where drought is becoming more common, that may not always be the case.  Changes in vegetation caused by changing weather patterns can be tracked for thousands of years with some specificity using this method.  They generally find the pollen in sediment cores on the bottom of ponds, lakes, and oceans.  That’s really interesting.  You may be looking at the daily pollen count and complaining because it is too high.  It definitely would put a perspective on it to see a running graph for hundreds or thousands of years to see how it compares.

There is a nice article from NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center on this pollen-climate change link with many more details.   Please check it out at http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/news/picture-climate-what%E2%80%99s-smaller-pinhead-can-tell-us-about-climate

Posted under AGW, Allergies, Climate Change, Nature

Through the blog we offer here at StormTrack9, I hope we are able to share interesting weather information and insightful commentary about various science developments. One particular issue that became front and center last year is drought. One of the worst single year droughts since 1988 hit much of the mid-section of the nation. According to the U.S. Drought Monitor, many regions in the U.S. have seen significant improvement over the last couple of months. The High Plains region is still dealing with extreme or exceptional drought, but many of the more food-dense growing regions (around the Mississippi and further east) are doing well as we head into the growing season. Hopefully this will continue into the growing season and food prices will not be affected too much. We are already burning a lot of food in our cars through the ethanol mandate, we don’t need another year of drought to reduce the food supply anymore.

However, if we do have another dry year, it should not be too surprising to blog readers here. In the past, I have shared climate research detailing how multi-year and multi-decade droughts were much more common in the western and southwestern U.S. a few hundred years ago. Many signs point to the idea that the 20th century was somewhat of an anomaly with higher than normal precipitation. Recently yet, another research effort has found the same thing in the southeastern U.S. Studying tree ring data in Georgia has indicated that multi-year droughts (such as the one in Georgia from 2006 to 2009) were much more common prior to the 20th century. This is of course, bad news if multi-year droughts become the norm once again – because – the population has expanded dramatically over the last 100 years – AND – the population has shifted farther south in the country.

Will Drought Return?

Not only that, the typical American household wastes a lot more water now. Urban sprawl and lax attitudes about water as a limited resource have led to a lot of the waste. Back during the 2006 to 2009 Georgia drought, the city of Atlanta was down to a 4 month supply of water at one point. I shudder to think if a city of that size would run out of clean water. If it was a widespread drought, it might make it difficult to truck in water to the city in such a situation.

One good thing is that we continue to develop new technology to develop more sources of fresh water as well as ways to conserve more. Here is one of the recent developments: The New Zealand company Felton has developed a new shower head called Oxijet which uses 50% less water but still feels like you are using the full 100%! I will have to keep my eyes out for that shower head. I wouldn’t mind cutting down my water bill by a significant percentage.

There are also a lot of new materials coming online that might help out with desalination – such as this one developed in China – which might also find other uses, such as in solar power.

One other thing to remember and give thanks for is that we have relatively free trade in goods, particularly food, all over the world nowadays. Even though we had a bad drought in the U.S. last year, which is the biggest food growing country of the world, we still had food on the shelves. When you see the sehlves fully stocked and the labels show other countries of origin, it should remind you that food production has grown in many areas of the world. Not only do we freely trade food but also the technology to grow food. Many farmers in other countries are developing better farming techniques and this means less chance of famine in the future. It also makes me wonder if there will indeed be a shortage of olive oil later his year – as has been speculated because of a drought in Spain and a hailstorm in Australia. I am not all that knowledgeable about where and how many olives are grown in different parts of the world, but my guess is that free trade will buffer the potential negative effects of the weather troubles in Spain and Australia.

Have a nice Wednesday! Meteorologist Justin Loew

Posted under Drought, Nature

A couple of really bad “science” stories have hit the media recently. One involves liability and the other dishes out mostly propaganda.

Perhaps you already heard about this one involving the liability of scientists. Seismologists in Italy were found guily of manslaughter for inaccurately predicting when an eartquake would strike. They were found guilty even though there was credible evidence that these scientists were pressured by superiors to produce a specific forecast and thousands of scientists around the world wrote letters of support on their behalf. First of all, earthquake forecasting is just that – it is forecasting – much like weather forecasting. Scientists look at the data, calculate what might happen, and issue a forecast that represents or indicates some level of confidence. This is a terrible legal precedent and going forward I would not want to be involved in any forecasting of anything in Italy.

Lawsuits of this nature have been tried a couple of times in regards to weather forecasting – a couple of times here in the U.S. and in some foreign countries. In those cases, the lawsuits were thrown out, thankfully, because it was understood that there is no guarantee that comes with the forecast. It reminds me of the snarky comment I sometimes hear that meteorologists are the only people who “can be wrong 50% of the time” (some people say “most of the time”) and still have a job. First of all, broadcast meteorologists do get fired if they do a poor job. It is just an old wives tale that meteorologists can be “wrong most of the time” and still keep their job. Secondly, everyone is wrong some of the time. Whether in our daily lives or any job one might be doing, we have to deal with uncertainty. We all make little “forecasts” everyday in order to plan for the future, whether it be figuring the best route to work through heavy traffic or deciding the direction a business might take. We are all wrong some of the time and every errant forecast has some sort-of negative side effect, yet we are not fired for every little misstep. If we were all right all the time, we would all be billionaires or would be ruling the world. The IPCC is not held criminally accountable for poor climate forecasts. Military planners are sent to the Brigg for every error on the battlefield. These Italian seismologists should not be guilty of manslaughter.

Drilling For Oil

The other ”media release” was centered around the oil and gas industry. The Union of Concerned Scientists (although maybe this time around they should be called political scientists), produced a puff piece about how 66% of the money you pay at the pump “goes into the pockets of the oil companies”. They rely upon the economic ignorance and natural envy of people in order to try to make some environmental point. You are supposed to read their press release study and be hopping mad at the oil companies. I think they deliberately did not talk about the difference between profits and revenue in order to confuse people and make them angry. In the oil business, Exxon might be the most valuable company in the world right now (essentially, because they produce the most valuable product in the world…right now), but they are not the most profitable. Their profit margin was only a little over 7% in 2012. Most of Exxon’s profits come from refining and making specialized petroleum products. It is typical that the big oil companies only make 2 to 4 cents PROFIT per gallon of gas. It costs a lot of money to get your gas from the ground to the pump. If it was easy and cheap, we would all just drill for our own oil. So 66% of what you pay at the pump goes into the “pockets of the oil companies” but Exxon only makes a profit of 1% or less on gas and a bit over 7% overall (last year)

Compare Exxon to Apple. Apple had a HUGE profit margin between 25 and 30% during 2012. Apple’s products are over-priced yet people willingly pay. Apple uses sophisticated methods to avoid paying U.S. taxes, yet they are not considered “evil” like the oil companies. Apple could cut the price of their (very high quality) products by 25% and still make a profit. Wouldn’t that be nice. Complaining about paying money for gas is like complaining about paying money for your phone, or for your car, or a refrigerator. All of the companies that make the products we use to live, charge money for their products and they need to make a profit. This basic economic fact seems to have escaped the Union of Concerned Scientists.

If you don’t want to pay the high price of gas, either go drill your own oil (and refine it), or don’t buy it. After hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf coast in 2005, the price of gas shot up to $4 per gallon (as commodities generally should during times of shortage). Many people I know started to complain loudly. I didn’t. I bought a bike. I have been riding my bike to work for 6 or 7 (warm) months out of the year for 7 years and been saving money the whole time. Don’t live close to work? Move closer. As I have pointed out before, there are tens of millions of empty homes in the U.S. right now just waiting for a buyer. I am suspect that most people could find one near their work. By moving, you can save money and “stick it to the oil companies” at the same time! Complaining about the fact that oil companies charge money for their product is probably counter productive. Besides that, in order implement cleaner alternatives at scale, we might need the expertise of some of the world’s largest energy companies. Maybe the Union of Concerned Scientists should focus more on developing such partnerships or work harder at educating people on ways to save more (which they only touched upon in their recent press release).

 Before anyone chimes in with a comment, yes, I am aware that different companies have been involved in illegal activities in the past, and I definitely agree that they should be prosecuted for those crimes.  The economic issues presented here are mostly distinct from the legal issues.

While I am on the subject of bad science, how about a couple studies that are less bad, but still leave something to be desired.

Coal Power Plant

The first one is a wind power study out of Australia. It is really good news. Using wind power in Australia is now cheaper than building new coal or natural gas fired power plants (and another take on the study). So what happened in the last few years? Were new more efficient wind turbines invented? Not really. Did coal become a lot more expensive? Yes. Is Australia running out of coal? No. The price of coal has gone up because of a new carbon tax. That is part of the reason why wind power is calculated to now be cheaper than coal power. The other reasons are also not related so much to the science of energy production but on political considerations. According to the article, many banks who might help fund new coal power plants in Australia would include a risk premium that would jack up the price. The risk premium would have to be built in to the up front costs because the carbon tax could go up in future years and coal power plants might get sued by various, people, environmental organizations, or even entire nations in future years. It is also important to note that current coal and gas plants do produce electricity more cheaply than wind turbines. This study only calculates prices for future construction. I can’t help but wonder if there are some other flaws in this study such as not including new transmission line costs, battery back-up costs, or de-comissioning costs associated with wind turbine power. If wind power was cheaper that coal or gas on a stand alone basis (without political manipulation), it wouldn’t need to be promoted. Companies would be putting them up everywhere in order to save money. (Aside: I am neutral on wind power, it is a nice option for clean energy, but turbines do come with a handful of downsides).

Flu Virus

Lastly, a study that smells of confirmation bias. Remember back when I kept the big list of bad things that are happening or were going to happen because of AGW. I finally had to stop because the list got too big and included everything from more obesity and more starvation on up to the destruction of the planet. Let us hearken back to those days. What about the flu? A recent study “proves” that severe flu outbreaks are linked with AGW (anthropogenic global warming). The study comes to the conclusion that flu outbreaks will be worse after a warm winter. People don’t get ill during a warm winter – it is theorized – and then they are more vulnerable to infection during the next winter. I am sure you are wondering, “what about a warm winter followed by another warm winter?” That is what is expected if AGW comes to pass as predicted by the IPCC. Less cold winters should mean less flu overall, not more severe flu outbreaks – as theorized by the study. Cold and flu viruses spread more effectively when here is cold dry air around. If the world warms up and continues to turn more humid, one would think just the opposite (of what this study proclaims) would happen. Another deficiency with this study is that it only used data since the winter of 1997-98. That is a rather short chunk of time on which to base a study of influenza. It is a unique time in earth’s climate history (very warm) which is not representative of the climate history through which the flu has affected humans. The study could draw more robust conclusions if they could find a way to include data from prior years. As of now, I am not worried that flu outbreaks are going to get worse because of AGW.

Have a pleasant Wednesday! Meteorologist Justin Loew.

Posted under AGW, Alternative Energy, Climate Change, Natural Disasters, Nature, Science

VIDEO HERE: http://www.waow.com/story/20358716/2012/12/16/what-are-our-chances-for-a-white-christmas

Saturday’s combination of rain and warm temperatures ate up much of Central Wisconsin’s snow base this weekend.  And with fewer than 10 days until Christmas, the possibility of the region missing a so-called “white” Christmas has come top of mind for many looking forward to the holiday.

A Christmas is considered “white” when there is at least 1″ of snow on the ground on Dec. 25th.  And if nothing were to change in the weather between now and the holiday, this would be a “green” Christmas, as most of the Wausau metroplex has lost it’s snow base.

Northern Wisconsin is part of a few areas of the United States where “white” Christmases are considered the norm.  According to the National Weather Service, points north of Wausau historically see an inch of snow on the ground on Dec. 25th between 75 and 90% of the time, with the chances increasing closer to the border with upper Michigan.

Snow lovers and “white” Christmas proponents will want to pay close attention to the forecast this week.  The forecast models are advertising the potential for an organized storm system to develop over the southwestern United States, strengthen as it moves over the Plains, and become a large winter storm by the time it reaches the North American Great Lakes.

Of important note to Wisconsin is that the current projections place the track of the storm’s center moving south of the state.  That course would provide moisture, but combine it with colder air from Canada resulting in snow over much of Wisconsin, Minnesota and Iowa.  Warmer air would be contained south of the storm’s center of circulation giving rain to Indiana and Ohio.

Potential setup for Thursday

Forecasts change and systems don’t always come together as expected.  But should this system come to fruition, any snow Wisconsin picks up would likely last through Christmas.  Temperatures on the western side of the system are expected to bring daytime highs on Friday and Saturday in the 20s.

Stay up on the latest forecast projections as we get closer to Christmas with the Storm Track 9 weather team, Newsline 9 and waow.com.

Posted under forecast, Nature, Science, Seasonal Items, snow, Weather History, Weather NEws

Sandy is expected to come ashore in southern New Jersey, but its impacts will be felt in many areas.

Storm surge is forecast to be an important piece of the story as Hurricane Sandy gears up for a collision course with the U.S. 

As of Sunday evening, the storm is considered a category one hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph.  Despite its low ranking on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, the National Weather Service and government authorities are taking no chances as the storm moves toward land.

Storm surge is a dangerous component to hurricanes, moving tremendous amounts of water toward land.  Despite its devastating impacts storm surge intensity is not taken into consideration with the Saffir-Simpson ranking.  The scale only accounts for wind speed.

The center of the storm’s circulation is forecast to move toward southern New Jersey, but the brunt of the storm surge activity will be north.  That is putting areas like New York City, Long Island and lower New England on alert.

In addition to the storm coming ashore, residents of the mid-Atlantic, New England and eastern Great Lakes will feel the impacts of the storm meeting a stationary front and support from the jet stream. 

With colder air surging southward with the jet stream, locations in parts of West Virginia, Ohio, Virginia and North Carolina could see considerable snowfall amounts. 

Storm Track 9 meteorologist Rob Duns has more in this explanatory video. 

http://www.waow.com/story/19938287/storm-surge-concerns-raised-as-hurricane-sandy-approaches

Posted under Hurricanes, Natural Disasters, Nature, Records, Science, Seasonal Items, Severe Weather, Weather History, Weather NEws

The month of September 2012 has come to a close and it is time for a little review. The most interesting aspect of the month is that it was the first below normal month (in Wausau) since September of last year. We had 11 months in a row with above normal temps and then it was just barely below normal in September. Our average high was a little above normal but the average low was a few degrees below normal, so when you put them together, the month was about 1 degree below normal.

The one thing that was also below normal that was more troublesome is precipitation. In Wausau (and most of the area, and most of the state) precipitation was at least 2 inches below normal. The dry weather is noticeable, as I have seen many of the lake levels turn lower recently. Also, some of my long-lasting plants and second plantings in the garden have not turned out very well because of the lack of rain. I could have kept watering but there were not enough plants to justify. Therefore, I will have to just live with what my broccoli and kale plants can squeeze out of the dusty soil. There might be a hard freeze in town this weekend (on Sunday) anyway, so I probably wouldn’t be harvesting superfood into late October like in previous years.

Another remarkable thing about September this year is that we had an early frost. Normally, we would have our first frost in the city somewhere around the first couple days of October. This year, our first frost was on September 19th. It was thought to be a record low in Wausau at one point (31 degrees), but at second glance the automated airport data only showed a low of 32. It was the coldest temperature of the month in the city, but other locations in the countryside had several nights from the 19th onward with low temps down in the 20s. We also had snow south of Wausau on the 22nd! It was an early end to the growing season.

Here are the stats for Wausau:

Average High: 70.6  (normal: 68.8)

Average Low: 44.7  (normal: 48.1)

Precipitation: 1.61 inches  (normal: 3.90 inches)

Snowfall: 0.0 inches  (normal: 0.0 inches)

Highest Temperature: 88 on the 4th

Lowest Temperature: 32 on the 19th

And now a report about the little fishing expedition I took. I promised to keep an eye on the solar-lunar table and weather conditions to further expand knowledge about fish and game activity. During my approximately 3 days of fishing there did again seem to be a pick-up in activity correlating fairly well with the solar-lunar table. Also the fishing was a little better on the day when the pressure was a little lower. I didn’t get to check out rainy/cloudy weather vs sunny skies because it was beautiful the whole time.

It wsn’t a perfect corellation (and certainly not a rigorous science experiment), but it did seem to be better at the times I was expecting. The one interesting thing about testing the theory out was that I had to fish most of the day on one river/stream and during the times when the activity was not projected to be good – otherwise how would one know or compare activity between the different periods. Even when the action was slow or non-existent, it was nice exploring new fishing areas and the colors were at their peak. The scenery was awesome in some spots.

Now that I have researched the fish/weather activity and tried it out through years in real world situations, I think I am going combine all of that knowledge into a daily fish and game forecast. It will probably start out on our web page but perhaps find a place on our TV broadcast as well. We get many requests for such a forecast every year, so it is about time to put something together.

Have a fine Monday! Meteorologist Justin Loew.

Posted under Fall Color, Monthly Recap, Nature

Last year I gave a presentation at the Central Wisconsin Sports Show and here in the blog I asked for tips about what weather produces the best fishing. Thanks to everyone for the comments in that blog post. The most popular lore about the weather and fishing is with the wind for example “when the wind is from the west the fishing is the best, when the wind is from the east fishing is the least…” an so on.

My research turned up some interesting and sometimes contradictory beliefs about the weather and fishing. Some of the information was more scientific, some was more anecdotal. I took all of the research to heart and have spent the last year and a half trying to keep track of how the weather (and the sun and the moon) affected my fishing results. Subjectively, I think I have improved my results by following the natural trends.

First of all,  I do take note of the solar-lunar tables (sometimes called the fish and game forecast such as the one found here). Some fishermen say that the best activity comes when the sun and moon are rising, not so much when the moon is directly overhead (highest in the sky) or underfoot. In any case, I have noticed a little better action around the times when the solar-lunar table would indicate more activity. It is no guarantee but it seems results are a little better. There is reason to believe the times of the high moon cycle, full moon, and new moon could be a little better yet.

I haven’t found too good of a correlation with the wind direction, but the old rhyme above might have a little validity. Often times in the warm season, a change in the weather pattern, a cold front approaching for example, will be preceded by southwest winds. During the cold season, a storm system moving into the area will often have a easterly wind before it arrives.

The bigger weather factors, in my experience, are sky condition and barometric pressure. It is generally the case that when the pressure is a little on the low side (around 30 inches of mercury or a little lower in our part of the country) then the fishing is a bit better. Usually a falling pressure produces better results as well. When the pressure is high or going higher, it seems the action is less.

With respect to the cloud cover, I find the best action on partly cloudy days or days with more clouds than sun. A little light rain (often a result of low pressure) will help out as well. Of course, the “nicest” weather days to be out on the boat or wandering a stream are sunny days when high pressure is around. All hope is not lost on these days. If the high pressure has been around 2 or 3 days, its effect on fish and game movement and feeding seems to wane. There are of course other things that factor in on sunny days as well. If it is sunny during the spring spawning, then the fish are probably still going to bite well. Sometimes the sun warming up the water in the Spring will bring fish into shallowr bays where they can warm themselves and they will be more active.

I put this all to use 2 weeks ago when I was trout fishing. The solar-lunar table indicated good fishing for the afternoon. It was a new moon and it was over head during the afternoon. The wind was out of southwest. The pressure was falling slowly. There was plenty of sunshine in early afternoon but a few clouds were moving in by late afternoon. The short story is that during the afternoon, I couldn’t keep the fish off of my hook.

I am going to keep track of all of the natural signals this weekend as well. On Friday the moon will be in a high cycle and it will be nearly full. We should have partly cloudy skies. The wind should be out of a general westerly direction. The pressure will be fairly high but probably falling very slowly and the high pressure will have been in the area for a few days. The solar-lunar table says 1:20 pm is one of the better times to be out, which is not normally a good time of day to be fishing. I will find out.

Have a nice Wednesday! Meteorologist Justin Loew.

Posted under Nature, Recreation & Sports

I am about to embark on another short fishing trip to the backwoods of Wisconsin. During my last jaunt it dawned upon me how nearly every scenic natural area is owned by the government. This is something I knew since I was young, but I never thought about it too much in depth. I was dreaming about someday when I might have enough money to purchase my own little paradise, maybe 10 acres in the country, in the forest, or in the mountains. Like most of you, I like to day-dream big. The best place to purchase would of course be some piece of land with a view or something special about it.

Rocks at Rib Mountain

In Wisconsin, there are always plenty of little parcels available but you will never be able to buy the “prime” spots because they are public property, either at the state or national level. Almost every waterfall in Wisconsin is in a state park, state forest, or national forest. I cannot think of one substantial waterfall in WI that is in private hands. No one will ever “own” land around a big waterfall. Almost all of the tallest hills with the widest views are in state parks of forests (Rib Mountain, Timms Hill, St. Peters Dome, etc…) The grander the view, the more likely it is off limits to own. This is even more true on the national stage with the national parks and monuments. Just last week Chimney Rock was named a National Monument. Don’t get me wrong, I would be happy with almost any flat land with productive soil (for a garden), but this is an experiment in day-dreaming.

Yosemite Valley

So I was just wondering, is it good to put all of the most beautiful places under public control? Are we putting too many eggs in one basket? Will common people forever be confined to live in bland neighborhoods in flat land with not much view? Maybe I am over-stating the case, as there are plenty of locations with nice views in the U.S., just not the ones with the MOST grandeur. Maybe it is the best way for an oversized population to enjoy the most beautiful places. This way, people in the city can travel and see nature’s beauty. If most of it was in private hands, not all of it would be accessible. Also, I know a lot of people would not trust natural wonders in private hands, even though direct government action and indirect effects of government policies have transformed, polluted, and destroyed plenty of pristine tracts of land through the years.

Given the size of the population, and the track record of protecting National and State Parks, I think the policy has worked thus far, giving many more people (like me) access to areas they might not otherwise have or would have to maybe pay a bit more to see. I think the real key here is the population. There are too many people and too few grand scenic areas. If there were only 5 people in the country (for an extreme thought experiment), each person would easily have their choice of a little tract of paradise (like Yosemite) and there probably would not be much conflict. What do you think? Does almost every area of natural wonder/scenery have to be publicly owned? Have we protected enough areas?

Have a fine Tuesday! Meteorologist Justin Loew.

Posted under Nature, Trails, Travel

The National Weather Service will have a freeze watch in effect for much of the region on Saturday night.  Temperatures on Saturday night and Sunday morning could dip into the 20’s or 30’s.  This will put an end to the growing season in many places that have not yet seen frost. 

A Freeze Watch is issued when below freezing temperatures are possible.

So far most of Wisconsin, Iowa, southern Minnesota, eastern South Dakota and northeastern Nebraskahave freeze watches in place for Saturday night. 

The National Weather Service in Green Bay announced Friday it will no longer be issuing freeze and frost advisories after this weekend for the northern third of the state.  That’s because the Northwoods has already experienced several freezes. 

For a look at the nationwide weather hazards map (freeze watches are bright navy blue) follow this link: http://www.weather.gov/.

Posted under Environment, Fall, Freeze, Nature, Seasonal Items, Weather NEws

Tornadoes are not unheard of in the northeastern United States, but they are rare. 

And in September, they are extremely rare. 

Nonetheless on Saturday, Sept. 5th a powerful cold front moving from the Great Lakes through New England spawned areas of torrential rain, strong wind, hail and isolated tornadoes in some unlikely places.   

Confirmed so far by the National Weather Service includes an EF1 tornado in Canarsie, New York, and an EF0 in Breezy Point, New York.  Both are inside the Greater New York City metropolitan area, the largest city in our country. 

There have been no reports of any injuries associated with these twisters. 

This photo of radar imagery shows the line of thunderstorms that spawned the tornadoes moving off shore over the Atlantic Ocean. 

The tornadoes this weekend become the latest on a list of notable weather features from 2012.  The year has been interesting in what has been and what has not been occurring. 

Rain has been very limited this year, with much of the country in severe drought.  Wisconsin, that averages around 21 tornadoes a year but has seen only two in 2012.  Ironically the same number seen in the NYC metropolitan area Saturday alone. 

With the unusual weather we’ve seen today, let it serve as a reminder on two fronts.  1) Don’t put down your guard when it comes to severe weather.  It’s easy to get lulled into a false sense of security when weeks go by without it occurring.  2) Know your surroundings.  People in New York City aren’t accustomed to tornadoes like Wisconsinites are.  Visitors to New York City were probably even more off guard. 

Keep up on the latest when it comes to the weather.  It can (and will always) have some degree of unpredictability.  Don’t let it catch you!

Posted under Natural Disasters, Nature, Science, Seasonal Items, Severe Weather, Storms, Tornadoes, Weather History, Weather NEws, Weather Safety, Wind